Peptide library

Also known as: Cibinetide, pHBSP (pyroglutamate helix B surface peptide)

Class: Erythropoietin-derived non-haematopoietic peptide · 11 aa

Phase 2 studies (sarcoidosis neuropathy, diabetes); not approved

11-residue peptide modelled on helix B of erythropoietin, designed to engage the innate repair receptor without stimulating red-cell production. Studied in small-fibre neuropathy.

Also known as: FPF-1070

Class: Porcine brain-derived peptide mixture · peptide mixture

Licensed in some countries; not FDA- or EMA-approved; trials ongoing

Mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides and amino acids prepared from pig brain. Investigated in clinical trials after stroke, brain injury and in dementia, with mixed results.

Also known as: NAP, AL-108, NAPVSIPQ

Class: Neuroprotective octapeptide derived from ADNP · 8 aa

Phase 2/3 in progressive supranuclear palsy completed; not approved

Eight-residue fragment (NAPVSIPQ) of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein. Investigated in tauopathy and cognitive-impairment trials, without a positive pivotal result.

Also known as: PNB-0408, N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6)-aminohexanoic amide

Class: Angiotensin IV-derived peptidomimetic · modified 3-residue peptide

Preclinical only; not approved for any use

Small modified peptide from Washington State University, derived from angiotensin IV. Studied in rodent models of memory impairment for proposed HGF/c-Met activity.

Also known as: Delta sleep-inducing peptide, Emideltide

Class: Neuropeptide (nonapeptide) · 9 aa

Not approved anywhere; receptor and gene still unidentified

Nine-residue peptide isolated in 1977 from rabbits in induced sleep. Sleep studies since then have given inconsistent results, and no receptor or gene has been confirmed.

Also known as: Epithalon, Epithalone, AEDG peptide

Class: Synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) · 4 aa

Not approved by FDA or EMA; evidence mostly from one research group

Tetrapeptide modelled on epithalamin, a pineal gland extract. Studied in cells and rodents for telomerase activity and ageing, mostly by one St Petersburg group.

Also known as: HN, HNG (S14G-humanin)

Class: Mitochondrial-derived peptide (24 aa) · 24 aa

Preclinical research compound; not approved

Peptide encoded in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA region, found in 2001 in a screen for factors protecting neurons from Alzheimer-related toxicity. Studied in cell and rodent models.

Also known as: cyclo-glycyl-2-allylproline

Class: Synthetic cyclic dipeptide (cyclic glycine-proline analogue) · cyclic dipeptide

Phase 3 in Phelan-McDermid syndrome (Neuren), 2025–2026

Analogue of cyclic glycine-proline, a metabolite of IGF-1. Under clinical investigation in rare neurodevelopmental disorders, including Phelan-McDermid and Pitt Hopkins syndromes.

Also known as: Pitocin, Syntocinon

Class: Posterior pituitary nonapeptide hormone · 9 aa

Approved as Pitocin (FDA 1980) and generics

Nine-residue hormone with a disulfide ring, the first peptide hormone to be synthesised (1953). Approved to induce or strengthen labour contractions and to control postpartum bleeding.

Also known as: Bremelanotide, Vyleesi

Class: Melanocortin receptor agonist (cyclic heptapeptide) · 7 aa (cyclic)

Approved as Vyleesi (FDA 2019)

Cyclic peptide derived from Melanotan II that acts mainly at MC3 and MC4 receptors in the brain. Approved for acquired, generalised hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.

Also known as: TP-7, TKPRPGP

Class: Synthetic tuftsin analogue (heptapeptide) · 7 aa

Registered as a medicine in Russia; not approved by FDA or EMA

Tuftsin (TKPR) extended with Pro-Gly-Pro for stability. Studied in rodent anxiety and stress models and in cell work on GABA-related gene expression.

Also known as: ACTH(4–7)-Pro-Gly-Pro, MEHFPGP

Class: Synthetic ACTH(4–7) analogue with a Pro-Gly-Pro tail · 7 aa

Registered as a medicine in Russia; not approved by FDA or EMA

Heptapeptide developed in Moscow from a fragment of ACTH. Studied mainly in Russian literature, in rodent stroke models, BDNF expression and cognition.

Also known as: NNZ-2566, Daybue

Class: Synthetic analogue of the tripeptide GPE (IGF-1 fragment) · 3 aa (modified)

Approved as Daybue (FDA 2023) and Daybu (EMA 2026)

Modified version of glycine-proline-glutamate, a fragment cleaved from IGF-1. Approved for the treatment of Rett syndrome in adults and children aged 2 and over.

Also known as: ω-conotoxin MVIIA, SNX-111, Prialt

Class: Synthetic cone-snail ω-conotoxin (N-type calcium channel blocker) · 25 aa

Approved as Prialt (FDA 2004; EMA 2005)

Synthetic copy of a peptide from the venom of the marine snail Conus magus. Approved for severe chronic pain when other treatments are unsuitable.

Also known as: Argireline, Acetyl hexapeptide-3

Class: Synthetic SNAP-25-derived hexapeptide · 6 aa

Cosmetic ingredient (INCI); not a medicine

Acetylated six-residue fragment of the SNAP-25 protein, sold as Argireline. Studied in vitro for interference with SNARE complex assembly; used in anti-wrinkle cosmetics.

Also known as: SNAP-8

Class: Synthetic SNAP-25-derived octapeptide · 8 aa

Cosmetic ingredient (INCI); not a medicine

Eight-residue extension of the Argireline sequence, marketed as SNAP-8. Designed to mimic the N-terminus of SNAP-25; included in anti-wrinkle cosmetic formulations.

Also known as: Eyeseryl

Class: Synthetic acetylated tetrapeptide · 4 aa

Cosmetic ingredient (INCI); not a medicine

Short acetylated peptide sold as Eyeseryl for under-eye products. In vitro data concern glycation and fluid accumulation; independent clinical evidence is sparse.

Also known as: Melanotan I, MT-I, [Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH, CUV1647, Scenesse

Class: α-MSH analogue (melanocortin-1 receptor agonist) · 13 aa

Approved as Scenesse (EMA 2014; FDA 2019)

Linear α-MSH analogue originally called Melanotan I. Approved to increase pain-free light exposure in adults with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP).

Also known as: Bacitracin A

Class: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic · 12 residues (cyclic)

FDA-approved since 1948 (Baciguent and generics)

Mixture of cyclic peptides from Bacillus licheniformis that blocks bacterial cell-wall synthesis. An approved antibiotic, today found mostly in first-aid preparations.

Also known as: L-carnosine, β-alanyl-L-histidine

Class: Endogenous dipeptide (β-alanyl-L-histidine) · 2 aa

Cosmetic and food-supplement ingredient; not an approved medicine

Dipeptide abundant in skeletal muscle and brain. Studied for pH buffering, metal binding and anti-glycation activity; also used as an antioxidant in cosmetic formulations.

Also known as: Dalvance, Xydalba

Class: Lipoglycopeptide antibiotic · lipoglycopeptide

Approved as Dalvance (FDA 2014) and Xydalba (EMA 2015)

Semi-synthetic glycopeptide with a lipophilic side chain and a very long half-life. Approved for acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria.

Also known as: Cubicin

Class: Cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic · 13 aa (cyclic lipopeptide)

Approved as Cubicin (FDA 2003; EMA 2006)

13-residue lipopeptide from Streptomyces roseosporus that depolarises Gram-positive bacterial membranes. Approved for complicated skin infections and S. aureus bacteraemia.

Also known as: CR845, Korsuva, Kapruvia

Class: Peripheral kappa-opioid receptor agonist (D-amino-acid peptide) · 4 aa (D-amino acids)

Approved as Korsuva (FDA 2021) and Kapruvia (EMA 2022)

Peptide of four D-amino acids designed to stay largely outside the central nervous system. Approved for moderate-to-severe itch of chronic kidney disease in haemodialysis.

Also known as: Syn-Ake, Snake-venom-mimetic peptide

Class: Synthetic dipeptide derivative (waglerin-1 mimetic) · dipeptide derivative

Cosmetic ingredient (INCI); not a medicine

Small molecule modelled on waglerin-1, a temple-viper venom peptide, sold as Syn-Ake. Reported in vitro to act on muscle nicotinic receptors; used in cosmetics.

Also known as: DX-88, Kalbitor

Class: Recombinant plasma kallikrein inhibitor (Kunitz-domain protein) · 60 aa

Approved as Kalbitor (FDA 2009)

60-residue protein selected by phage display to block plasma kallikrein and bradykinin release. Approved for acute attacks of hereditary angioedema.

Also known as: Epithalon, Epithalone, AEDG peptide

Class: Synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) · 4 aa

Not approved by FDA or EMA; evidence mostly from one research group

Tetrapeptide modelled on epithalamin, a pineal gland extract. Studied in cells and rodents for telomerase activity and ageing, mostly by one St Petersburg group.

Also known as: Copper tripeptide-1, Copper peptide, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper, Prezatide copper

Class: Copper-binding tripeptide (Gly-His-Lys) · 3 aa + copper

Listed cosmetic ingredient (copper tripeptide-1); not a medicine

Naturally occurring tripeptide, first found in human plasma, that binds copper(II). Studied in wound-healing models and cell gene-expression work; widely used in skincare.

Also known as: GSH, γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine, L-glutathione

Class: Endogenous antioxidant tripeptide (γ-Glu-Cys-Gly) · 3 aa

Cosmetic and supplement ingredient; not an approved skin medicine

The main thiol antioxidant inside human cells. Reviewed for effects on melanin synthesis in small skin-lightening studies, where evidence remains limited and inconsistent.

Also known as: Gramicidin D, Gramicidin A

Class: Linear peptide antibiotic (alternating L/D residues) · 15 aa (alternating L/D)

FDA-approved only as part of combination antibiotic products

15-residue peptide from Bacillus brevis that forms ion channels in bacterial membranes. Isolated in 1939, it was among the first antibiotics used clinically.

Also known as: Collaxyl

Class: Synthetic collagen-derived hexapeptide · 6 aa

Cosmetic ingredient (INCI); not a medicine

Repeated Gly-Pro-Gln motif from collagen, sold as Collaxyl. Studied in skin-cell cultures for extracellular-matrix gene expression and in small cosmetic trials.

Also known as: HOE 140, Firazyr

Class: Bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist (decapeptide) · 10 aa

Approved as Firazyr (EMA 2008; FDA 2011)

Synthetic decapeptide with five non-natural residues that blocks the bradykinin B2 receptor. Approved for acute attacks of hereditary angioedema.

Also known as: Lys-Pro-Val, α-MSH(11–13)

Class: α-MSH C-terminal tripeptide (Lys-Pro-Val) · 3 aa

Preclinical research compound; not approved

The last three residues of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Studied in cell and mouse models of intestinal and skin inflammation, including uptake via the PepT1 transporter.

Also known as: Cathelicidin LL-37, Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, Ropocamptide

Class: Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide · 37 aa

Small Phase 1/2 studies (wounds, melanoma); not approved

37-residue peptide cleaved from hCAP18, the only cathelicidin in humans. Studied for antimicrobial and immune-signalling roles in skin, airways and wound models.

Also known as: Ruxotemitide

Class: Oncolytic cationic peptide · 9 aa

Phase 2 in melanoma and sarcoma (Lytix Biopharma); not approved

Nine-residue membrane-disrupting peptide derived from lactoferricin. Investigated in early-phase cancer trials alongside checkpoint inhibitors and cell therapy.

Also known as: MT-II, MT-2

Class: Cyclic α-MSH analogue (non-selective melanocortin agonist) · 7 aa (cyclic)

Never approved; regulators have issued safety warnings

Cyclic analogue made at the University of Arizona in the 1990s that acts on several melanocortin receptors. Case reports describe adverse events with unlicensed use.

Also known as: Melanostatine-5

Class: Synthetic α-MSH-antagonist nonapeptide · 9 aa

Cosmetic ingredient (INCI); not a medicine

Nine-residue peptide sold as Melanostatine-5, designed to compete with α-MSH at the MC1 receptor. Studied in melanocyte cultures; used in brightening cosmetics.

Also known as: Orbactiv, Kimyrsa, Tenkasi

Class: Lipoglycopeptide antibiotic · lipoglycopeptide

Approved as Orbactiv (FDA 2014), Kimyrsa (FDA 2021) and in the EU (2015)

Vancomycin-related lipoglycopeptide with an added hydrophobic group that also disrupts bacterial membranes. Approved for acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections.

Also known as: Pal-VGVAPG, Biopeptide EL

Class: Palmitoylated elastin-derived hexapeptide (Pal-VGVAPG) · 6 aa + palmitoyl

Cosmetic ingredient (INCI); not a medicine

VGVAPG is a repeating elastin sequence that acts as a matrikine in cell studies. The palmitoylated form is used in cosmetics marketed for skin firmness.

Also known as: Matrixyl, Pal-KTTKS, Palmitoyl pentapeptide-3

Class: Palmitoylated collagen-fragment pentapeptide (Pal-KTTKS) · 5 aa + palmitoyl

Cosmetic ingredient (INCI); not a medicine

KTTKS, a sequence from type I procollagen, linked to palmitic acid to aid skin penetration. Studied in fibroblast cultures and small cosmetic trials on photoaged skin.

Also known as: Pal-GQPR, Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-3

Class: Palmitoylated tetrapeptide (Pal-GQPR) · 4 aa + palmitoyl

Cosmetic ingredient (INCI); not a medicine

Fragment related to immunoglobulin G, combined with palmitoyl tripeptide-1 in Matrixyl 3000. Supplier data concern interleukin-6 release in cultured skin cells.

Also known as: Pal-GHK, Palmitoyl oligopeptide

Class: Palmitoylated GHK tripeptide · 3 aa + palmitoyl

Cosmetic ingredient (INCI); not a medicine

GHK linked to palmitic acid, without copper, to increase lipophilicity. A component of Matrixyl 3000; studied as a collagen-signalling matrikine in fibroblast cultures.

Also known as: Matrixyl synthe'6

Class: Palmitoylated modified tripeptide (Pal-KMO2K) · 3 aa + palmitoyl

Cosmetic ingredient (INCI); not a medicine

Lys-Met(O2)-Lys sequence with an oxidised methionine, sold as Matrixyl synthe'6. Supplier studies examine matrix-protein synthesis; found in multi-ingredient creams.

Also known as: Leuphasyl

Class: Synthetic enkephalin-like pentapeptide · 5 aa

Cosmetic ingredient (INCI); not a medicine

Peptide modelled on enkephalins and sold as Leuphasyl. Proposed to reduce neuronal excitability in cell assays; often paired with acetyl hexapeptide-8 in cosmetics.

Also known as: Oligopeptide-1, Epidermal growth factor (EGF), rh-EGF

Class: Recombinant human epidermal growth factor (53 aa) · 53 aa

Cosmetic ingredient (INCI); not a medicine

INCI name for recombinant human EGF used in skincare. EGF is studied in wound repair; cosmetic research focuses on formulation stability and skin delivery.

Also known as: TB500, Thymosin β4 fragment, Ac-LKKTETQ

Class: Synthetic thymosin β4 fragment (Ac-LKKTETQ) · 7 aa (fragment form)

Not approved; prohibited in sport (WADA) and in horse racing

Name used for a synthetic copy of the actin-binding region of thymosin β4, and sometimes for the full protein. Studied in animal models of wound and muscle repair.

Also known as: Vibativ

Class: Lipoglycopeptide antibiotic · lipoglycopeptide

Approved as Vibativ (FDA 2009); EU authorisation since withdrawn

Semi-synthetic vancomycin derivative with a lipophilic tail. Approved for complicated skin infections and hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by susceptible S. aureus.

Also known as: Tβ4, RGN-259, RGN-137

Class: Actin-sequestering peptide (43 aa) · 43 aa

Phase 3 (RGN-259) in dry eye and neurotrophic keratitis; not approved

Abundant 43-residue protein that binds G-actin in most cells. Investigated in clinical trials of corneal wound healing, and earlier in heart and skin repair models.

Also known as: Decorinyl

Class: Synthetic decorin-mimetic tetrapeptide · 4 residues

Cosmetic ingredient (INCI); not a medicine

Lys-Asp-Ile-citrulline sequence sold as Decorinyl, modelled on decorin's collagen-binding site. Studied in vitro for the organisation of collagen fibrils.

Also known as: Tanzeum, Eperzan

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist (albumin fusion protein) · GLP-1 dimer–albumin fusion

Approved as Tanzeum (FDA 2014) and Eperzan (EMA 2014); withdrawn 2018

Two copies of a DPP-4-resistant GLP-1 analogue fused to human albumin. Approved for type 2 diabetes, then withdrawn by the manufacturer for commercial reasons.

Also known as: NN9487, NNC0487-0111

Class: Unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist · unimolecular peptide

Phase 3 (AMAZE programme, Novo Nordisk), started 2026

Single peptide designed to activate both GLP-1 and amylin receptors, studied in two formulations. Phase 3 trials in obesity and related conditions began in 2026.

Also known as: AOD-9604, Tyr-hGH(177–191), Advanced Obesity Drug 9604

Class: Modified hGH fragment (176–191 analogue) · 16 aa

Obesity programme discontinued after human trials; not approved as a medicine

16-residue peptide based on the C-terminal region of growth hormone. Studied for fat metabolism in obese mice; later human trials did not show meaningful weight loss.

Also known as: FE 203799

Class: Long-acting GLP-2 analogue · 33 aa

Phase 3 in short bowel syndrome (VectivBio/Ironwood); not approved

GLP-2 analogue with modifications that slow clearance. Evaluated in the Phase 3 STARS trial in short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure; a further Phase 3 began in 2026.

Also known as: Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), VIP, RLF-100

Class: Synthetic vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) · 28 aa

Phase 3 in COVID-19 respiratory failure; not FDA- or EMA-approved

Synthetic form of VIP, a 28-residue neuropeptide with receptors on vessels, immune cells and lung tissue. Studied in acute lung injury, pulmonary hypertension and sarcoidosis.

Also known as: Body Protection Compound 157, PL 14736, Bepecin

Class: Synthetic gastric pentadecapeptide · 15 aa

Not approved anywhere; human data limited to small early studies

15-residue sequence derived from a protein in human gastric juice. Studied mainly in rodent models of gut, tendon and muscle injury, with most papers from one research group.

Also known as: NN9838, AM833

Class: Long-acting amylin analogue · 37 aa

Phase 3 alone and with semaglutide (Novo Nordisk); not approved

Acylated analogue of amylin, a hormone co-secreted with insulin, acting on amylin and calcitonin receptors. In Phase 3 trials for obesity, alone and as part of CagriSema.

Also known as: Cagrilintide/semaglutide, NN9838 + NN9535

Class: Fixed combination of an amylin analogue and a GLP-1 agonist · two-peptide combination

Phase 3 (REDEFINE, Novo Nordisk); not approved as of Oct 2026

Co-formulation of cagrilintide and semaglutide. Phase 3 REDEFINE trials compare it with each component and with placebo in obesity and in type 2 diabetes.

Also known as: ZP4207, Zegalogue

Class: Glucagon analogue (stable in solution) · 29 aa

Approved as Zegalogue (FDA 2021; EMA 2024)

Glucagon with seven amino-acid substitutions that prevent fibril formation in solution. Approved for severe hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes aged 6 and over.

Also known as: Trulicity, LY2189265

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist (Fc fusion protein) · GLP-1 analogue–Fc fusion

Approved as Trulicity (FDA 2014; EMA 2014)

Two GLP-1 analogue chains linked to a modified IgG4 Fc fragment. Approved for type 2 diabetes and to reduce major cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Also known as: HM11260C, LAPS-Exendin

Class: Long-acting exendin-4 analogue (Fc conjugate) · exendin analogue–Fc conjugate

Phase 3 (AMPLITUDE programme, Sanofi/Hanmi); not approved

Exendin-4 analogue chemically linked to an antibody Fc fragment (Hanmi's LAPSCOVERY platform). Studied in the AMPLITUDE-O cardiovascular outcomes trial in type 2 diabetes.

Also known as: Exendin-4, Byetta, Bydureon

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist (exendin-4) · 39 aa

Approved as Byetta (FDA 2005) and Bydureon (FDA 2012)

Synthetic version of exendin-4, a peptide found in Gila monster saliva. The first approved GLP-1 receptor agonist, indicated for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Also known as: 68Ga-DOTATATE, NETSPOT

Class: Radiolabelled somatostatin analogue (PET imaging agent) · 8 aa + chelator

Approved as NETSPOT (FDA 2016)

Octreotate peptide carrying a DOTA chelator loaded with gallium-68. Approved for PET imaging to locate somatostatin receptor-positive neuroendocrine tumours.

Also known as: ZP1848, Zeydovio

Class: Long-acting GLP-2 analogue · 39 aa

CHMP positive opinion (Zeydovio) Sept 2026; EU approval pending

GLP-2 analogue from Zealand Pharma designed for slow release. Studied in Phase 3 trials in short bowel syndrome; new Phase 3 trials began in 2025–2026.

Also known as: GlucaGen, Gvoke, Baqsimi

Class: Pancreatic peptide hormone · 29 aa

FDA-approved since 1960; brands include GlucaGen, Gvoke and Baqsimi

29-residue hormone from pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose via the liver. Approved for severe hypoglycaemia and as a diagnostic aid in gut imaging.

Also known as: Fragment 176-191, Frag 176-191, hGH(176–191)

Class: C-terminal growth hormone fragment · 16 aa

Research compound; not approved; prohibited in sport (WADA)

Synthetic copy of residues 176–191 of human growth hormone. Early rodent work linked this region to lipid metabolism, without the growth-promoting effects of the full hormone.

Also known as: Lys-Pro-Val, α-MSH(11–13)

Class: α-MSH C-terminal tripeptide (Lys-Pro-Val) · 3 aa

Preclinical research compound; not approved

The last three residues of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Studied in cell and mouse models of intestinal and skin inflammation, including uptake via the PepT1 transporter.

Also known as: Somatuline

Class: Somatostatin analogue (cyclic octapeptide) · 8 aa (cyclic)

Approved as Somatuline Depot (FDA 2007)

Cyclic somatostatin analogue that self-assembles into nanotubes, giving a long-acting formulation. Approved for acromegaly, GEP-NETs and carcinoid syndrome.

Also known as: AT-1001, INN-202

Class: Tight-junction regulator (octapeptide) · 8 aa

Phase 3 in coeliac disease terminated (9 Meters); not approved

Eight-residue peptide derived from the zonula occludens toxin of Vibrio cholerae. Studied as a gut-barrier modulator in coeliac disease; the Phase 3 programme ended early.

Also known as: Linzess, Constella

Class: Guanylate cyclase-C agonist (14-residue peptide) · 14 aa

Approved as Linzess (FDA 2012) and Constella (EMA 2012)

Peptide related to bacterial heat-stable enterotoxins that acts locally on the intestinal lining. Approved for IBS with constipation and chronic idiopathic constipation.

Also known as: Victoza, Saxenda, NN2211

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist (acylated GLP-1 analogue) · 31 aa

Approved as Victoza (FDA 2010) and Saxenda (FDA 2014); generics exist

First GLP-1 analogue to use fatty-acid acylation (a C16 chain on lysine) for albumin binding. Approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management in adults and adolescents.

Also known as: Lyxumia, Adlyxin

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist (exendin-4 analogue) · 44 aa

Approved as Lyxumia (EMA 2013) and Adlyxin (FDA 2016); also in Soliqua

Exendin-4 analogue with a six-lysine C-terminal extension. Approved for type 2 diabetes, alone and combined with insulin glargine; also tested in a Parkinson's disease trial.

Also known as: 177Lu-DOTATATE, Lutathera

Class: Radiolabelled somatostatin analogue (radioligand therapy) · 8 aa + chelator

Approved as Lutathera (EMA 2017; FDA 2018)

Same receptor-targeting peptide as Ga-68 dotatate, carrying the beta emitter lutetium-177. Approved for somatostatin receptor-positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours.

Also known as: MariTide, AMG 133

Class: Antibody–peptide conjugate (GIPR antagonist + GLP-1 agonist) · antibody–peptide conjugate

Phase 3 (MARITIME programme, Amgen); not approved

Monoclonal antibody that blocks the GIP receptor, carrying two GLP-1 analogue peptides. Being evaluated in Phase 3 trials in obesity, with and without type 2 diabetes.

Also known as: LY3305677, IBI362

Class: Dual glucagon and GLP-1 receptor agonist · oxyntomodulin analogue

Approved in China (2025); not FDA- or EMA-approved; trials ongoing

Oxyntomodulin-like peptide licensed from Eli Lilly to Innovent. Phase 3 GLORY and DREAMS trials studied it in obesity and type 2 diabetes in Chinese adults.

Also known as: SMS 201-995, Sandostatin, Mycapssa

Class: Somatostatin analogue (cyclic octapeptide) · 8 aa (cyclic)

Approved as Sandostatin (FDA 1988); later forms and generics

Eight-residue analogue that keeps the receptor-binding core of somatostatin but lasts far longer. Approved for acromegaly and symptoms of carcinoid and VIP-secreting tumours.

Also known as: ALT-801

Class: Dual glucagon and GLP-1 receptor agonist · 29 aa (lipidated)

Phase 3 in MASH started 2026 (Altimmune); not approved

Peptide with a balanced 1:1 glucagon-to-GLP-1 receptor design, aimed at liver fat. Studied in MASH, alcohol-associated liver disease and obesity.

Also known as: ZP8396

Class: Long-acting amylin analogue · amylin analogue

Phase 3 started 2026 (Roche/Zealand Pharma); not approved

Amylin analogue engineered for chemical stability in solution, from Zealand Pharma. Studied in obesity, alone and in combination with incretin-based peptides.

Also known as: SP-304, Trulance

Class: Uroguanylin analogue (guanylate cyclase-C agonist) · 16 aa

Approved as Trulance (FDA 2017)

16-residue analogue of the gut hormone uroguanylin with one substitution. Approved for chronic idiopathic constipation and IBS with constipation in adults.

Also known as: Oral α4β7 integrin antagonist peptide

Class: Gut-restricted α4β7 integrin antagonist peptide · cyclic peptide

Phase 2 in ulcerative colitis completed (Protagonist); not approved

Cyclic peptide designed to block α4β7 integrin in the gut wall while staying out of the circulation. Investigated in a Phase 2 trial in moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis.

Also known as: Symlin, Amylin analogue

Class: Amylin analogue · 37 aa

Approved as Symlin (FDA 2005)

Analogue of human amylin with three proline substitutions that stop it aggregating. Approved as an add-on to mealtime insulin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Also known as: LY3437943, GGG tri-agonist

Class: Triple GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist · 39 aa

Phase 3 (TRIUMPH programme, Eli Lilly); not yet approved

Single 39-residue peptide engineered to activate three hormone receptors. Being evaluated in Phase 3 trials in obesity, type 2 diabetes, knee osteoarthritis and other conditions.

Also known as: Human secretin, ChiRhoStim

Class: Gastrointestinal peptide hormone · 27 aa

Approved as SecreFlo (FDA 2002) and ChiRhoStim (FDA 2004)

27-residue duodenal hormone, the first hormone to be discovered (1902), that triggers bicarbonate-rich pancreatic secretion. Approved as a diagnostic agent.

Also known as: Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus, NN9535

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist (acylated GLP-1 analogue) · 31 aa

Approved as Ozempic (FDA 2017), Rybelsus (2019) and Wegovy (2021)

GLP-1 analogue with a C18 fatty diacid chain that binds albumin. Approved for type 2 diabetes, chronic weight management and cardiovascular risk reduction in defined patients.

Also known as: RM-493, Imcivree

Class: Melanocortin-4 receptor agonist (cyclic peptide) · 8 aa (cyclic)

Approved as Imcivree (FDA 2020; EMA 2021)

Cyclic MC4R agonist acting downstream of the leptin–melanocortin pathway. Approved for obesity due to specific genetic defects (POMC, PCSK1, LEPR) and Bardet-Biedl syndrome.

Also known as: CCK-8, Kinevac

Class: Cholecystokinin C-terminal octapeptide (CCK-8) · 8 aa

Approved as Kinevac (FDA 1976)

Synthetic form of the active C-terminal fragment of cholecystokinin. Approved as a diagnostic agent to stimulate gallbladder contraction and pancreatic secretion.

Also known as: BI 456906

Class: Dual glucagon and GLP-1 receptor agonist · 29 aa

Phase 3 (SYNCHRONIZE, LIVERAGE; Boehringer Ingelheim); not approved

Acylated peptide that activates glucagon and GLP-1 receptors. In Phase 3 trials for obesity and for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), including cirrhosis.

Also known as: ALX-0600, Gattex, Revestive

Class: GLP-2 analogue · 33 aa

Approved as Revestive (EMA 2012) and Gattex (FDA 2012)

33-residue GLP-2 analogue with one substitution that resists breakdown by DPP-4. Approved for short bowel syndrome in patients dependent on nutritional support.

Also known as: Terlivaz, Glypressin

Class: Vasopressin analogue (prodrug of lysine vasopressin) · 12 aa

Approved as Terlivaz (FDA 2022); long used in Europe

Lysine vasopressin with three extra glycines that are cleaved off in the body. Approved to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome with rapid decline.

Also known as: TH9507, Egrifta

Class: GHRH analogue (44 aa) · 44 aa

Approved as Egrifta (FDA 2010)

Full-length GHRH with a trans-3-hexenoyl group at the N-terminus for stability. Approved to reduce excess abdominal fat in adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

Also known as: Mounjaro, Zepbound, LY3298176

Class: Dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist · 39 aa

Approved as Mounjaro (FDA 2022) and Zepbound (FDA 2023)

39-residue peptide based on the GIP sequence, with a fatty diacid for albumin binding. Approved for type 2 diabetes, chronic weight management and obstructive sleep apnoea with obesity.

Also known as: Cibinetide, pHBSP (pyroglutamate helix B surface peptide)

Class: Erythropoietin-derived non-haematopoietic peptide · 11 aa

Phase 2 studies (sarcoidosis neuropathy, diabetes); not approved

11-residue peptide modelled on helix B of erythropoietin, designed to engage the innate repair receptor without stimulating red-cell production. Studied in small-fibre neuropathy.

Also known as: Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), VIP, RLF-100

Class: Synthetic vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) · 28 aa

Phase 3 in COVID-19 respiratory failure; not FDA- or EMA-approved

Synthetic form of VIP, a 28-residue neuropeptide with receptors on vessels, immune cells and lung tissue. Studied in acute lung injury, pulmonary hypertension and sarcoidosis.

Also known as: Bacitracin A

Class: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic · 12 residues (cyclic)

FDA-approved since 1948 (Baciguent and generics)

Mixture of cyclic peptides from Bacillus licheniformis that blocks bacterial cell-wall synthesis. An approved antibiotic, today found mostly in first-aid preparations.

Also known as: POL6326

Class: Macrocyclic CXCR4 antagonist peptide · 16 aa (cyclic)

Phase 3 in metastatic breast cancer terminated (Spexis); not approved

Protegrin-derived cyclic peptide that blocks CXCR4. Studied for stem-cell mobilisation, after heart attack and, with eribulin, in HER2-negative breast cancer.

Also known as: Polymyxin E, Colistimethate sodium, Coly-Mycin M

Class: Cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic (polymyxin) · 10 aa (cyclic lipopeptide)

Approved as Coly-Mycin M (FDA 1970) and Colobreathe (EMA 2012)

Polymyxin closely related to polymyxin B, used clinically as its prodrug colistimethate. Approved for serious Gram-negative infections, including Pseudomonas in cystic fibrosis.

Also known as: Ciclosporin, Cyclosporin A, Sandimmune, Neoral

Class: Cyclic undecapeptide calcineurin inhibitor · 11 aa (cyclic)

Approved as Sandimmune (FDA 1983); later Neoral and generics

Fungal cyclic peptide that suppresses T-cell activation through calcineurin. Approved to prevent organ-transplant rejection and for certain autoimmune and eye conditions.

Also known as: Dalvance, Xydalba

Class: Lipoglycopeptide antibiotic · lipoglycopeptide

Approved as Dalvance (FDA 2014) and Xydalba (EMA 2015)

Semi-synthetic glycopeptide with a lipophilic side chain and a very long half-life. Approved for acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria.

Also known as: Cubicin

Class: Cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic · 13 aa (cyclic lipopeptide)

Approved as Cubicin (FDA 2003; EMA 2006)

13-residue lipopeptide from Streptomyces roseosporus that depolarises Gram-positive bacterial membranes. Approved for complicated skin infections and S. aureus bacteraemia.

Also known as: DX-88, Kalbitor

Class: Recombinant plasma kallikrein inhibitor (Kunitz-domain protein) · 60 aa

Approved as Kalbitor (FDA 2009)

60-residue protein selected by phage display to block plasma kallikrein and bradykinin release. Approved for acute attacks of hereditary angioedema.

Also known as: Caspofungin, Micafungin, Anidulafungin, Rezafungin

Class: Cyclic lipohexapeptide antifungals · cyclic lipohexapeptides

From caspofungin (Cancidas, FDA 2001) to rezafungin (Rezzayo, FDA 2023)

Class of semi-synthetic cyclic peptides that block fungal β-(1,3)-glucan synthesis. Approved for invasive candidiasis and, for some members, aspergillosis.

Also known as: T-20, Fuzeon

Class: HIV fusion inhibitor (36-residue peptide) · 36 aa

Approved as Fuzeon (FDA 2003; EMA 2003); US product discontinued

Peptide copied from the gp41 envelope protein of HIV-1 that blocks viral fusion with cells. Approved for treatment-experienced HIV-1 infection as part of combination therapy.

Also known as: GSH, γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine, L-glutathione

Class: Endogenous antioxidant tripeptide (γ-Glu-Cys-Gly) · 3 aa

Cosmetic and supplement ingredient; not an approved skin medicine

The main thiol antioxidant inside human cells. Reviewed for effects on melanin synthesis in small skin-lightening studies, where evidence remains limited and inconsistent.

Also known as: Gramicidin D, Gramicidin A

Class: Linear peptide antibiotic (alternating L/D residues) · 15 aa (alternating L/D)

FDA-approved only as part of combination antibiotic products

15-residue peptide from Bacillus brevis that forms ion channels in bacterial membranes. Isolated in 1939, it was among the first antibiotics used clinically.

Also known as: HOE 140, Firazyr

Class: Bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist (decapeptide) · 10 aa

Approved as Firazyr (EMA 2008; FDA 2011)

Synthetic decapeptide with five non-natural residues that blocks the bradykinin B2 receptor. Approved for acute attacks of hereditary angioedema.

Also known as: Lys-Pro-Val, α-MSH(11–13)

Class: α-MSH C-terminal tripeptide (Lys-Pro-Val) · 3 aa

Preclinical research compound; not approved

The last three residues of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Studied in cell and mouse models of intestinal and skin inflammation, including uptake via the PepT1 transporter.

Also known as: AT-1001, INN-202

Class: Tight-junction regulator (octapeptide) · 8 aa

Phase 3 in coeliac disease terminated (9 Meters); not approved

Eight-residue peptide derived from the zonula occludens toxin of Vibrio cholerae. Studied as a gut-barrier modulator in coeliac disease; the Phase 3 programme ended early.

Also known as: Cathelicidin LL-37, Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, Ropocamptide

Class: Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide · 37 aa

Small Phase 1/2 studies (wounds, melanoma); not approved

37-residue peptide cleaved from hCAP18, the only cathelicidin in humans. Studied for antimicrobial and immune-signalling roles in skin, airways and wound models.

Also known as: Ruxotemitide

Class: Oncolytic cationic peptide · 9 aa

Phase 2 in melanoma and sarcoma (Lytix Biopharma); not approved

Nine-residue membrane-disrupting peptide derived from lactoferricin. Investigated in early-phase cancer trials alongside checkpoint inhibitors and cell therapy.

Also known as: POL7080

Class: Macrocyclic peptidomimetic antibiotic (LptD inhibitor) · 14 aa (cyclic)

Phase 3 in hospital pneumonia terminated (Polyphor); not approved

Protegrin-inspired cyclic peptide that targets LptD, an outer-membrane protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phase 3 trials ended early over kidney-safety findings.

Also known as: LR12, MOTREM

Class: TREM-1 inhibitory peptide · 12 aa

Phase 2b in septic shock (Inotrem); not approved

12-residue peptide derived from TLT-1 that acts as a decoy for the TREM-1 receptor on innate immune cells. Investigated in septic shock and severe COVID-19.

Also known as: Orbactiv, Kimyrsa, Tenkasi

Class: Lipoglycopeptide antibiotic · lipoglycopeptide

Approved as Orbactiv (FDA 2014), Kimyrsa (FDA 2021) and in the EU (2015)

Vancomycin-related lipoglycopeptide with an added hydrophobic group that also disrupts bacterial membranes. Approved for acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections.

Also known as: APL-2, Empaveli, Aspaveli, Syfovre

Class: PEGylated complement C3 inhibitor peptide · two 15-aa cyclic peptides + PEG

Approved as Empaveli (FDA 2021), Aspaveli (EMA 2021) and Syfovre (FDA 2023)

Two compstatin-derived cyclic peptides joined by a PEG chain, blocking complement C3. Approved for paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and geographic atrophy (US).

Also known as: Oral α4β7 integrin antagonist peptide

Class: Gut-restricted α4β7 integrin antagonist peptide · cyclic peptide

Phase 2 in ulcerative colitis completed (Protagonist); not approved

Cyclic peptide designed to block α4β7 integrin in the gut wall while staying out of the circulation. Investigated in a Phase 2 trial in moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis.

Also known as: Polymyxin B sulfate

Class: Cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic (polymyxin) · 10 aa (cyclic lipopeptide)

FDA-approved (Aerosporin and generics; records from 1964)

Cationic lipopeptide from Paenibacillus polymyxa that disrupts the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. An approved antibiotic, now reserved mostly for multidrug-resistant infections.

Also known as: TP-7, TKPRPGP

Class: Synthetic tuftsin analogue (heptapeptide) · 7 aa

Registered as a medicine in Russia; not approved by FDA or EMA

Tuftsin (TKPR) extended with Pro-Gly-Pro for stability. Studied in rodent anxiety and stress models and in cell work on GABA-related gene expression.

Also known as: Vibativ

Class: Lipoglycopeptide antibiotic · lipoglycopeptide

Approved as Vibativ (FDA 2009); EU authorisation since withdrawn

Semi-synthetic vancomycin derivative with a lipophilic tail. Approved for complicated skin infections and hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by susceptible S. aureus.

Also known as: Thymalfasin, Tα1, Zadaxin

Class: Thymic immunomodulatory peptide (28 aa) · 28 aa

Licensed as Zadaxin in some countries; not FDA- or EMA-approved

N-terminally acetylated peptide first isolated from calf thymus extract. Studied in clinical trials in hepatitis B, sepsis and alongside cancer immunotherapy.

Also known as: Facteur thymique sérique (FTS), Zinc-thymulin

Class: Zinc-dependent thymic nonapeptide · 9 aa

Preclinical research compound; not approved

Nine-residue hormone secreted by thymic epithelial cells that needs zinc for activity. Studied in animal models of T-cell maturation, inflammation and neuroendocrine links.

Also known as: Vancocin

Class: Glycopeptide antibiotic · glycopeptide (7-residue core)

FDA-approved since 1958 (Vancocin); many generics

Glycopeptide from Amycolatopsis orientalis that binds cell-wall precursors of Gram-positive bacteria. Approved for serious infections including MRSA and C. difficile diarrhoea.

Also known as: RA101495, Zilbrysq

Class: Macrocyclic complement C5 inhibitor peptide · 15 aa (macrocyclic)

Approved as Zilbrysq (FDA 2023; EMA 2023)

15-residue macrocycle with a lipid tail that binds complement C5 and blocks its cleavage. Approved for generalised myasthenia gravis in adults with acetylcholine-receptor antibodies.

Also known as: BA058, Tymlos, Eladynos

Class: PTHrP(1–34) analogue · 34 aa

Approved as Tymlos (FDA 2017) and Eladynos (EMA 2022)

34-residue analogue of parathyroid hormone-related protein acting on the PTH1 receptor. Approved for osteoporosis at high fracture risk in postmenopausal women (and men in the US).

Also known as: Tanzeum, Eperzan

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist (albumin fusion protein) · GLP-1 dimer–albumin fusion

Approved as Tanzeum (FDA 2014) and Eperzan (EMA 2014); withdrawn 2018

Two copies of a DPP-4-resistant GLP-1 analogue fused to human albumin. Approved for type 2 diabetes, then withdrawn by the manufacturer for commercial reasons.

Also known as: NN9487, NNC0487-0111

Class: Unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist · unimolecular peptide

Phase 3 (AMAZE programme, Novo Nordisk), started 2026

Single peptide designed to activate both GLP-1 and amylin receptors, studied in two formulations. Phase 3 trials in obesity and related conditions began in 2026.

Also known as: AOD-9604, Tyr-hGH(177–191), Advanced Obesity Drug 9604

Class: Modified hGH fragment (176–191 analogue) · 16 aa

Obesity programme discontinued after human trials; not approved as a medicine

16-residue peptide based on the C-terminal region of growth hormone. Studied for fat metabolism in obese mice; later human trials did not show meaningful weight loss.

Also known as: Cagrilintide/semaglutide, NN9838 + NN9535

Class: Fixed combination of an amylin analogue and a GLP-1 agonist · two-peptide combination

Phase 3 (REDEFINE, Novo Nordisk); not approved as of Oct 2026

Co-formulation of cagrilintide and semaglutide. Phase 3 REDEFINE trials compare it with each component and with placebo in obesity and in type 2 diabetes.

Also known as: Salmon calcitonin, Miacalcin

Class: Calcitonin (salmon sequence, 32 aa) · 32 aa

FDA-approved since 1978 (Calcimar, later Miacalcin)

Salmon calcitonin is more potent in humans than the human hormone. Approved for Paget's disease of bone, hypercalcaemia and, in some markets, postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Also known as: DAC:GRF, CJC-1295 DAC

Class: GHRH(1–29) analogue with Drug Affinity Complex · 30 aa + DAC linker

Phase 2 trial terminated (ConjuChem); not approved

Modified GHRH(1–29) carrying a reactive linker that bonds covalently to circulating albumin, greatly extending half-life. Human studies recorded prolonged GH and IGF-1 elevation.

Also known as: Modified GRF (1-29), Mod GRF 1-29, Tetrasubstituted GRF(1–29)

Class: Tetrasubstituted GHRH(1–29) analogue (Mod GRF 1-29) · 29 aa

Research compound; never developed as a medicine

GHRH(1–29) with four substitutions that resist enzymatic breakdown, but no albumin-binding linker. Despite the shared name it is a different molecule from CJC-1295 with DAC.

Also known as: ACTH, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Acthar Gel

Class: Pituitary peptide hormone (ACTH, 39 aa) · 39 aa

Approved as Acthar Gel (FDA 1952); other products since

39-residue hormone that drives cortisol release from the adrenal glands. Approved as a purified animal-derived gel for infantile spasms and several inflammatory conditions.

Also known as: Tetracosactide, ACTH(1–24), Cortrosyn, Synacthen

Class: Synthetic ACTH(1–24) fragment · 24 aa

Approved as Cortrosyn (FDA 1970)

The first 24 residues of ACTH, which carry its full adrenal-stimulating activity. Approved as a diagnostic agent to test adrenal cortex function.

Also known as: ZP4207, Zegalogue

Class: Glucagon analogue (stable in solution) · 29 aa

Approved as Zegalogue (FDA 2021; EMA 2024)

Glucagon with seven amino-acid substitutions that prevent fibril formation in solution. Approved for severe hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes aged 6 and over.

Also known as: Firmagon

Class: GnRH receptor antagonist (decapeptide) · 10 aa

Approved as Firmagon (FDA 2008; EMA 2009)

Decapeptide GnRH antagonist that suppresses testosterone without the initial flare seen with agonists. Approved for advanced hormone-dependent prostate cancer.

Also known as: DDAVP, 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin

Class: Synthetic vasopressin analogue (V2-selective) · 9 aa

Approved as DDAVP (FDA 1978); many products since

Vasopressin modified in Prague in 1967 to keep its kidney action while largely losing its effect on vessels. Approved for diabetes insipidus, bed-wetting and some bleeding disorders.

Also known as: Trulicity, LY2189265

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist (Fc fusion protein) · GLP-1 analogue–Fc fusion

Approved as Trulicity (FDA 2014; EMA 2014)

Two GLP-1 analogue chains linked to a modified IgG4 Fc fragment. Approved for type 2 diabetes and to reduce major cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Also known as: HM11260C, LAPS-Exendin

Class: Long-acting exendin-4 analogue (Fc conjugate) · exendin analogue–Fc conjugate

Phase 3 (AMPLITUDE programme, Sanofi/Hanmi); not approved

Exendin-4 analogue chemically linked to an antibody Fc fragment (Hanmi's LAPSCOVERY platform). Studied in the AMPLITUDE-O cardiovascular outcomes trial in type 2 diabetes.

Also known as: SS-31, MTP-131, Bendavia, Forzinity

Class: Mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide (cardiolipin binder) · 4 aa

Accelerated approval as Forzinity (FDA 2025) for Barth syndrome

Four-residue peptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Approved to improve muscle strength in Barth syndrome; studied in other mitochondrial diseases.

Also known as: AMG 416, Parsabiv

Class: Calcimimetic peptide (calcium-sensing receptor activator) · 7 D-amino acids + L-cysteine

Approved as Parsabiv (EMA 2016; FDA 2017)

Seven D-amino acids linked by a disulfide to L-cysteine, activating the calcium-sensing receptor of parathyroid cells. Approved for secondary hyperparathyroidism in haemodialysis.

Also known as: Exendin-4, Byetta, Bydureon

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist (exendin-4) · 39 aa

Approved as Byetta (FDA 2005) and Bydureon (FDA 2012)

Synthetic version of exendin-4, a peptide found in Gila monster saliva. The first approved GLP-1 receptor agonist, indicated for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Also known as: Pralmorelin, KP-102

Class: Synthetic GH secretagogue hexapeptide · 6 aa

Diagnostic use in Japan only (pralmorelin); not FDA- or EMA-approved

Hexapeptide agonist of the ghrelin receptor developed in the 1990s. Approved in Japan as a diagnostic test for GH deficiency; elsewhere a research compound and prohibited in sport.

Also known as: Growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide

Class: Synthetic GH secretagogue hexapeptide · 6 aa

Research compound; not approved; prohibited in sport (WADA)

One of the first synthetic GH-releasing peptides (1984), active before its receptor was known. Work with it led to the cloning of the ghrelin receptor in 1996.

Also known as: GlucaGen, Gvoke, Baqsimi

Class: Pancreatic peptide hormone · 29 aa

FDA-approved since 1960; brands include GlucaGen, Gvoke and Baqsimi

29-residue hormone from pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose via the liver. Approved for severe hypoglycaemia and as a diagnostic aid in gut imaging.

Also known as: GnRH, LHRH, Factrel

Class: Synthetic GnRH (decapeptide) · 10 aa

Approved as Factrel (FDA 1982) and Lutrepulse (1989); both discontinued

Identical to natural gonadotropin-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic decapeptide isolated in 1971. Was used to test pituitary function and induce ovulation; also a veterinary drug.

Also known as: Zoladex

Class: GnRH receptor agonist (decapeptide) · 10 aa

Approved as Zoladex (FDA 1989)

GnRH analogue with a D-serine and an aza-glycine that resist breakdown. Approved for prostate and breast cancer, endometriosis and endometrial thinning before surgery.

Also known as: Chorionic gonadotropin, Pregnyl, Novarel, Choriogonadotropin alfa

Class: Placental glycoprotein hormone · 237 aa (α + β glycoprotein)

FDA-approved since 1973 (e.g. Pregnyl, Novarel); Ovitrelle (EMA 2001)

Two-subunit glycoprotein made by the placenta that acts on the LH receptor. Approved for ovulation induction in infertility and some cases of hypogonadism and undescended testes.

Also known as: Somatropin, Human growth hormone, rhGH, Genotropin, Norditropin, Humatrope

Class: Recombinant human growth hormone (191 aa) · 191 aa

Recombinant GH approved by FDA since 1985; brands incl. Genotropin, Humatrope

Pituitary hormone produced recombinantly since 1985, replacing cadaver-derived extracts. Approved for growth hormone deficiency, Turner syndrome and several other growth disorders.

Also known as: Fragment 176-191, Frag 176-191, hGH(176–191)

Class: C-terminal growth hormone fragment · 16 aa

Research compound; not approved; prohibited in sport (WADA)

Synthetic copy of residues 176–191 of human growth hormone. Early rodent work linked this region to lipid metabolism, without the growth-promoting effects of the full hormone.

Also known as: Vantas, Supprelin LA

Class: GnRH receptor agonist (nonapeptide) · 9 aa

Approved as Vantas (FDA 2004) and Supprelin LA (FDA 2007)

Potent GnRH analogue with a benzyl-histidine at position 6. Approved for central precocious puberty; an earlier product was used for advanced prostate cancer.

Also known as: HN, HNG (S14G-humanin)

Class: Mitochondrial-derived peptide (24 aa) · 24 aa

Preclinical research compound; not approved

Peptide encoded in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA region, found in 2001 in a screen for factors protecting neurons from Alzheimer-related toxicity. Studied in cell and rodent models.

Also known as: Long R3 IGF-1, LR3-IGF-1

Class: Modified IGF-1 analogue (83 aa) · 83 aa

Cell-culture reagent and research compound; not approved

IGF-1 with an Arg3 substitution and a 13-residue N-terminal extension that sharply reduce binding to IGF-binding proteins. Widely used to supplement cell-culture media.

Also known as: Insulin glargine, Insulin lispro, Insulin aspart, Insulin degludec, Humulin

Class: Pancreatic peptide hormone and engineered analogues · 51 aa (two chains)

Many FDA/EMA-approved products, e.g. Humulin (FDA 1982), Lantus (2000)

Two-chain, 51-residue hormone from pancreatic beta cells. Human insulin was the first recombinant medicine; engineered analogues change its onset and duration for diabetes treatment.

Also known as: NNC 26-0161

Class: Selective ghrelin-receptor agonist (pentapeptide) · 5 aa

Phase 2 for postoperative ileus completed (Helsinn); not approved

Pentapeptide GH secretagogue described in 1998 as releasing GH without notable cortisol or prolactin rises in animal studies. Later tested in human postoperative ileus trials.

Also known as: Kisspeptin, Metastin(45–54), KP-10

Class: Hypothalamic neuropeptide (KISS1R agonist) · 10 aa

Academic Phase 2 studies (IVF, hypothalamic amenorrhoea); not approved

The ten C-terminal residues of kisspeptin, the upstream signal for GnRH release. Kisspeptins are used in human physiology studies of puberty and fertility, including IVF research.

Also known as: Somatuline

Class: Somatostatin analogue (cyclic octapeptide) · 8 aa (cyclic)

Approved as Somatuline Depot (FDA 2007)

Cyclic somatostatin analogue that self-assembles into nanotubes, giving a long-acting formulation. Approved for acromegaly, GEP-NETs and carcinoid syndrome.

Also known as: Leuprorelin, Lupron, Eligard

Class: GnRH receptor agonist (nonapeptide) · 9 aa

Approved as Lupron (FDA 1985); many later formulations

GnRH analogue that first stimulates, then suppresses, pituitary LH and FSH release. Approved for advanced prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids and central precocious puberty.

Also known as: Victoza, Saxenda, NN2211

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist (acylated GLP-1 analogue) · 31 aa

Approved as Victoza (FDA 2010) and Saxenda (FDA 2014); generics exist

First GLP-1 analogue to use fatty-acid acylation (a C16 chain on lysine) for albumin binding. Approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management in adults and adolescents.

Also known as: Lyxumia, Adlyxin

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist (exendin-4 analogue) · 44 aa

Approved as Lyxumia (EMA 2013) and Adlyxin (FDA 2016); also in Soliqua

Exendin-4 analogue with a six-lysine C-terminal extension. Approved for type 2 diabetes, alone and combined with insulin glargine; also tested in a Parkinson's disease trial.

Also known as: MariTide, AMG 133

Class: Antibody–peptide conjugate (GIPR antagonist + GLP-1 agonist) · antibody–peptide conjugate

Phase 3 (MARITIME programme, Amgen); not approved

Monoclonal antibody that blocks the GIP receptor, carrying two GLP-1 analogue peptides. Being evaluated in Phase 3 trials in obesity, with and without type 2 diabetes.

Also known as: LY3305677, IBI362

Class: Dual glucagon and GLP-1 receptor agonist · oxyntomodulin analogue

Approved in China (2025); not FDA- or EMA-approved; trials ongoing

Oxyntomodulin-like peptide licensed from Eli Lilly to Innovent. Phase 3 GLORY and DREAMS trials studied it in obesity and type 2 diabetes in Chinese adults.

Also known as: Recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1), Increlex

Class: Recombinant human IGF-1 · 70 aa

Approved as Increlex (FDA 2005; EMA 2007)

70-residue insulin-like growth factor 1 made by recombinant DNA. Approved for growth failure in children with severe primary IGF-1 deficiency.

Also known as: Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c

Class: Mitochondrial-derived peptide (16 aa) · 16 aa

Preclinical research compound; not approved

Peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, described in 2015. Studied in mouse models of insulin resistance, exercise capacity and ageing; proposed to act via AMPK.

Also known as: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, β-NAD

Class: Coenzyme (not a peptide) · not a peptide

Not a peptide and not an approved medicine; sold as a research chemical

Dinucleotide coenzyme central to redox reactions and a substrate for sirtuins and PARPs. Listed here for reference; studied in cell and animal models of age-related NAD+ decline.

Also known as: Synarel

Class: GnRH receptor agonist (decapeptide) · 10 aa

Approved as Synarel (FDA 1990)

GnRH analogue with a bulky naphthylalanine at position 6. Approved for endometriosis and central precocious puberty.

Also known as: SMS 201-995, Sandostatin, Mycapssa

Class: Somatostatin analogue (cyclic octapeptide) · 8 aa (cyclic)

Approved as Sandostatin (FDA 1988); later forms and generics

Eight-residue analogue that keeps the receptor-binding core of somatostatin but lasts far longer. Approved for acromegaly and symptoms of carcinoid and VIP-secreting tumours.

Also known as: TransCon PTH, Yorvipath

Class: PTH(1–34) prodrug with a releasable PEG carrier · PTH(1–34) prodrug

Approved as Yorvipath (EMA 2023; FDA 2024)

Teriparatide transiently bound to a PEG carrier through a linker that releases it steadily. Approved for hypoparathyroidism in adults.

Also known as: rhPTH(1–84), Natpara, Natpar

Class: Recombinant full-length parathyroid hormone (1–84) · 84 aa

Approved as Natpara (FDA 2015) and Natpar (EMA 2017); EU licence withdrawn 2026

Recombinant copy of the complete 84-residue hormone that regulates blood calcium. Approved as an add-on to calcium and vitamin D for chronic hypoparathyroidism.

Also known as: SOM230, Signifor

Class: Multi-receptor somatostatin analogue (cyclic hexapeptide) · 6 aa (cyclic)

Approved as Signifor (EMA 2012; FDA 2012)

Cyclic hexapeptide that binds four of the five somatostatin receptor subtypes, notably SST5. Approved for Cushing's disease and acromegaly.

Also known as: Somavert, B2036-PEG

Class: Growth hormone receptor antagonist (PEGylated GH analogue) · 191 aa (PEGylated)

Approved as Somavert (EMA 2002; FDA 2003)

Growth hormone variant with nine substitutions that binds its receptor without activating it, plus PEG chains. Approved for acromegaly when other treatments are inadequate.

Also known as: ALT-801

Class: Dual glucagon and GLP-1 receptor agonist · 29 aa (lipidated)

Phase 3 in MASH started 2026 (Altimmune); not approved

Peptide with a balanced 1:1 glucagon-to-GLP-1 receptor design, aimed at liver fat. Studied in MASH, alcohol-associated liver disease and obesity.

Also known as: Symlin, Amylin analogue

Class: Amylin analogue · 37 aa

Approved as Symlin (FDA 2005)

Analogue of human amylin with three proline substitutions that stop it aggregating. Approved as an add-on to mealtime insulin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Also known as: LY3437943, GGG tri-agonist

Class: Triple GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist · 39 aa

Phase 3 (TRIUMPH programme, Eli Lilly); not yet approved

Single 39-residue peptide engineered to activate three hormone receptors. Being evaluated in Phase 3 trials in obesity, type 2 diabetes, knee osteoarthritis and other conditions.

Also known as: Human secretin, ChiRhoStim

Class: Gastrointestinal peptide hormone · 27 aa

Approved as SecreFlo (FDA 2002) and ChiRhoStim (FDA 2004)

27-residue duodenal hormone, the first hormone to be discovered (1902), that triggers bicarbonate-rich pancreatic secretion. Approved as a diagnostic agent.

Also known as: Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus, NN9535

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist (acylated GLP-1 analogue) · 31 aa

Approved as Ozempic (FDA 2017), Rybelsus (2019) and Wegovy (2021)

GLP-1 analogue with a C18 fatty diacid chain that binds albumin. Approved for type 2 diabetes, chronic weight management and cardiovascular risk reduction in defined patients.

Also known as: GRF(1–29)NH2, Geref

Class: GHRH(1–29) amide · 29 aa

Approved as Geref (FDA 1990); discontinued in the US

The shortest fully active fragment of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Was approved for diagnosing and treating GH deficiency in children before the manufacturer withdrew it.

Also known as: RM-493, Imcivree

Class: Melanocortin-4 receptor agonist (cyclic peptide) · 8 aa (cyclic)

Approved as Imcivree (FDA 2020; EMA 2021)

Cyclic MC4R agonist acting downstream of the leptin–melanocortin pathway. Approved for obesity due to specific genetic defects (POMC, PCSK1, LEPR) and Bardet-Biedl syndrome.

Also known as: Sogroya, NN8640

Class: Long-acting growth hormone (albumin-binding) · 191 aa + albumin binder

Approved as Sogroya (FDA 2020; EMA 2021)

Human growth hormone with one substitution and an attached albumin-binding side chain. Approved for growth hormone deficiency in children and adults.

Also known as: BI 456906

Class: Dual glucagon and GLP-1 receptor agonist · 29 aa

Phase 3 (SYNCHRONIZE, LIVERAGE; Boehringer Ingelheim); not approved

Acylated peptide that activates glucagon and GLP-1 receptors. In Phase 3 trials for obesity and for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), including cirrhosis.

Also known as: PTH(1–34), Forteo, Forsteo

Class: Recombinant PTH(1–34) · 34 aa

Approved as Forteo (FDA 2002) and Forsteo (EMA 2003)

The first 34 residues of parathyroid hormone, the active portion of the 84-residue hormone. Approved for osteoporosis in people at high risk of fracture.

Also known as: TH9507, Egrifta

Class: GHRH analogue (44 aa) · 44 aa

Approved as Egrifta (FDA 2010)

Full-length GHRH with a trans-3-hexenoyl group at the N-terminus for stability. Approved to reduce excess abdominal fat in adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

Also known as: Mounjaro, Zepbound, LY3298176

Class: Dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist · 39 aa

Approved as Mounjaro (FDA 2022) and Zepbound (FDA 2023)

39-residue peptide based on the GIP sequence, with a fatty diacid for albumin binding. Approved for type 2 diabetes, chronic weight management and obstructive sleep apnoea with obesity.

Also known as: Trelstar, Decapeptyl, Triptodur

Class: GnRH receptor agonist (decapeptide) · 10 aa

Approved as Trelstar (FDA 2000) and Triptodur (FDA 2017)

GnRH analogue with D-tryptophan at position 6, increasing receptor affinity and stability. Approved for advanced prostate cancer and central precocious puberty.

Also known as: Arginine vasopressin, Antidiuretic hormone, Vasostrict

Class: Posterior pituitary nonapeptide hormone · 9 aa

Approved as Vasostrict (FDA 2014) and other vasopressin products

Nine-residue hormone that controls water retention by the kidney and constricts blood vessels. Approved to raise blood pressure in adults with vasodilatory shock.

Also known as: BA058, Tymlos, Eladynos

Class: PTHrP(1–34) analogue · 34 aa

Approved as Tymlos (FDA 2017) and Eladynos (EMA 2022)

34-residue analogue of parathyroid hormone-related protein acting on the PTH1 receptor. Approved for osteoporosis at high fracture risk in postmenopausal women (and men in the US).

Also known as: Body Protection Compound 157, PL 14736, Bepecin

Class: Synthetic gastric pentadecapeptide · 15 aa

Not approved anywhere; human data limited to small early studies

15-residue sequence derived from a protein in human gastric juice. Studied mainly in rodent models of gut, tendon and muscle injury, with most papers from one research group.

Also known as: Salmon calcitonin, Miacalcin

Class: Calcitonin (salmon sequence, 32 aa) · 32 aa

FDA-approved since 1978 (Calcimar, later Miacalcin)

Salmon calcitonin is more potent in humans than the human hormone. Approved for Paget's disease of bone, hypercalcaemia and, in some markets, postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Also known as: L-carnosine, β-alanyl-L-histidine

Class: Endogenous dipeptide (β-alanyl-L-histidine) · 2 aa

Cosmetic and food-supplement ingredient; not an approved medicine

Dipeptide abundant in skeletal muscle and brain. Studied for pH buffering, metal binding and anti-glycation activity; also used as an antioxidant in cosmetic formulations.

Also known as: DAC:GRF, CJC-1295 DAC

Class: GHRH(1–29) analogue with Drug Affinity Complex · 30 aa + DAC linker

Phase 2 trial terminated (ConjuChem); not approved

Modified GHRH(1–29) carrying a reactive linker that bonds covalently to circulating albumin, greatly extending half-life. Human studies recorded prolonged GH and IGF-1 elevation.

Also known as: Modified GRF (1-29), Mod GRF 1-29, Tetrasubstituted GRF(1–29)

Class: Tetrasubstituted GHRH(1–29) analogue (Mod GRF 1-29) · 29 aa

Research compound; never developed as a medicine

GHRH(1–29) with four substitutions that resist enzymatic breakdown, but no albumin-binding linker. Despite the shared name it is a different molecule from CJC-1295 with DAC.

Also known as: SS-31, MTP-131, Bendavia, Forzinity

Class: Mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide (cardiolipin binder) · 4 aa

Accelerated approval as Forzinity (FDA 2025) for Barth syndrome

Four-residue peptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Approved to improve muscle strength in Barth syndrome; studied in other mitochondrial diseases.

Also known as: AMG 416, Parsabiv

Class: Calcimimetic peptide (calcium-sensing receptor activator) · 7 D-amino acids + L-cysteine

Approved as Parsabiv (EMA 2016; FDA 2017)

Seven D-amino acids linked by a disulfide to L-cysteine, activating the calcium-sensing receptor of parathyroid cells. Approved for secondary hyperparathyroidism in haemodialysis.

Also known as: FST-344, Follistatin

Class: Activin-binding glycoprotein isoform · 344 aa precursor (glycoprotein)

Preclinical research compound; not approved

Precursor isoform of follistatin, a protein that binds activin and myostatin. Studied in rodent and gene-therapy models of muscle mass; much larger than a typical peptide.

Also known as: Pralmorelin, KP-102

Class: Synthetic GH secretagogue hexapeptide · 6 aa

Diagnostic use in Japan only (pralmorelin); not FDA- or EMA-approved

Hexapeptide agonist of the ghrelin receptor developed in the 1990s. Approved in Japan as a diagnostic test for GH deficiency; elsewhere a research compound and prohibited in sport.

Also known as: Growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide

Class: Synthetic GH secretagogue hexapeptide · 6 aa

Research compound; not approved; prohibited in sport (WADA)

One of the first synthetic GH-releasing peptides (1984), active before its receptor was known. Work with it led to the cloning of the ghrelin receptor in 1996.

Also known as: Examorelin, EP-23905

Class: Synthetic GH secretagogue hexapeptide · 6 aa

Research compound; not approved; prohibited in sport (WADA)

Hexapeptide related to GHRP-6 with a methylated tryptophan. Studied in humans for GH release and in rodents for cardiac effects, partly via the CD36 receptor.

Also known as: Somatropin, Human growth hormone, rhGH, Genotropin, Norditropin, Humatrope

Class: Recombinant human growth hormone (191 aa) · 191 aa

Recombinant GH approved by FDA since 1985; brands incl. Genotropin, Humatrope

Pituitary hormone produced recombinantly since 1985, replacing cadaver-derived extracts. Approved for growth hormone deficiency, Turner syndrome and several other growth disorders.

Also known as: DES(1–3)IGF-1, des-IGF-1

Class: N-terminally truncated IGF-1 (67 aa) · 67 aa

Preclinical research compound; not approved

Natural variant of IGF-1 lacking its first three residues (Gly-Pro-Glu), found in brain and colostrum. It binds IGF-binding proteins weakly, so it is more potent in cell assays.

Also known as: Long R3 IGF-1, LR3-IGF-1

Class: Modified IGF-1 analogue (83 aa) · 83 aa

Cell-culture reagent and research compound; not approved

IGF-1 with an Arg3 substitution and a 13-residue N-terminal extension that sharply reduce binding to IGF-binding proteins. Widely used to supplement cell-culture media.

Also known as: NNC 26-0161

Class: Selective ghrelin-receptor agonist (pentapeptide) · 5 aa

Phase 2 for postoperative ileus completed (Helsinn); not approved

Pentapeptide GH secretagogue described in 1998 as releasing GH without notable cortisol or prolactin rises in animal studies. Later tested in human postoperative ileus trials.

Also known as: Recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1), Increlex

Class: Recombinant human IGF-1 · 70 aa

Approved as Increlex (FDA 2005; EMA 2007)

70-residue insulin-like growth factor 1 made by recombinant DNA. Approved for growth failure in children with severe primary IGF-1 deficiency.

Also known as: IGF-1Ec, PEG-MGF, Mechano growth factor

Class: IGF-1Ec splice-variant E-domain peptide · 24 aa (E-domain peptide)

Preclinical research compound; not approved

Peptide from the unique C-terminal E-domain of IGF-1Ec, a splice variant induced by mechanical load. Studied in muscle and cartilage cell models; a PEGylated form is also sold.

Also known as: Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c

Class: Mitochondrial-derived peptide (16 aa) · 16 aa

Preclinical research compound; not approved

Peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, described in 2015. Studied in mouse models of insulin resistance, exercise capacity and ageing; proposed to act via AMPK.

Also known as: TransCon PTH, Yorvipath

Class: PTH(1–34) prodrug with a releasable PEG carrier · PTH(1–34) prodrug

Approved as Yorvipath (EMA 2023; FDA 2024)

Teriparatide transiently bound to a PEG carrier through a linker that releases it steadily. Approved for hypoparathyroidism in adults.

Also known as: rhPTH(1–84), Natpara, Natpar

Class: Recombinant full-length parathyroid hormone (1–84) · 84 aa

Approved as Natpara (FDA 2015) and Natpar (EMA 2017); EU licence withdrawn 2026

Recombinant copy of the complete 84-residue hormone that regulates blood calcium. Approved as an add-on to calcium and vitamin D for chronic hypoparathyroidism.

Also known as: GRF(1–29)NH2, Geref

Class: GHRH(1–29) amide · 29 aa

Approved as Geref (FDA 1990); discontinued in the US

The shortest fully active fragment of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Was approved for diagnosing and treating GH deficiency in children before the manufacturer withdrew it.

Also known as: Sogroya, NN8640

Class: Long-acting growth hormone (albumin-binding) · 191 aa + albumin binder

Approved as Sogroya (FDA 2020; EMA 2021)

Human growth hormone with one substitution and an attached albumin-binding side chain. Approved for growth hormone deficiency in children and adults.

Also known as: TB500, Thymosin β4 fragment, Ac-LKKTETQ

Class: Synthetic thymosin β4 fragment (Ac-LKKTETQ) · 7 aa (fragment form)

Not approved; prohibited in sport (WADA) and in horse racing

Name used for a synthetic copy of the actin-binding region of thymosin β4, and sometimes for the full protein. Studied in animal models of wound and muscle repair.

Also known as: PTH(1–34), Forteo, Forsteo

Class: Recombinant PTH(1–34) · 34 aa

Approved as Forteo (FDA 2002) and Forsteo (EMA 2003)

The first 34 residues of parathyroid hormone, the active portion of the 84-residue hormone. Approved for osteoporosis in people at high risk of fracture.

Also known as: Tβ4, RGN-259, RGN-137

Class: Actin-sequestering peptide (43 aa) · 43 aa

Phase 3 (RGN-259) in dry eye and neurotrophic keratitis; not approved

Abundant 43-residue protein that binds G-actin in most cells. Investigated in clinical trials of corneal wound healing, and earlier in heart and skin repair models.

Also known as: BMN 111, Voxzogo

Class: C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) analogue · 39 aa

Approved as Voxzogo (EMA 2021; FDA 2021)

39-residue CNP analogue resistant to neprilysin that counteracts overactive FGFR3 signalling in growth plates. Approved to increase linear growth in children with achondroplasia.

Also known as: RA101495, Zilbrysq

Class: Macrocyclic complement C5 inhibitor peptide · 15 aa (macrocyclic)

Approved as Zilbrysq (FDA 2023; EMA 2023)

15-residue macrocycle with a lipid tail that binds complement C5 and blocks its cleavage. Approved for generalised myasthenia gravis in adults with acetylcholine-receptor antibodies.

Also known as: Giapreza

Class: Synthetic angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor octapeptide) · 8 aa

Approved as Giapreza (FDA 2017; EMA 2019)

Synthetic form of the eight-residue hormone of the renin–angiotensin system. Approved to raise blood pressure in adults with septic or other distributive shock.

Also known as: Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, Trasylol

Class: Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor (58 aa) · 58 aa

Approved as Trasylol (FDA 1993); US marketing stopped in 2008

Bovine lung polypeptide that inhibits trypsin, plasmin and kallikrein. Approved to reduce blood loss in cardiac bypass surgery; its use was restricted after safety reviews.

Also known as: POL6326

Class: Macrocyclic CXCR4 antagonist peptide · 16 aa (cyclic)

Phase 3 in metastatic breast cancer terminated (Spexis); not approved

Protegrin-derived cyclic peptide that blocks CXCR4. Studied for stem-cell mobilisation, after heart attack and, with eribulin, in HER2-negative breast cancer.

Also known as: Angiomax, Hirulog

Class: Direct thrombin inhibitor (hirudin-derived peptide) · 20 aa

Approved as Angiomax (FDA 2000); generics available

20-residue synthetic peptide modelled on hirudin, the leech anticoagulant. Approved as an anticoagulant during percutaneous coronary intervention.

Also known as: Cubicin

Class: Cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic · 13 aa (cyclic lipopeptide)

Approved as Cubicin (FDA 2003; EMA 2006)

13-residue lipopeptide from Streptomyces roseosporus that depolarises Gram-positive bacterial membranes. Approved for complicated skin infections and S. aureus bacteraemia.

Also known as: Iprivask, Revasc

Class: Recombinant hirudin (direct thrombin inhibitor) · 65 aa

Approved as Revasc (EMA 1997) and Iprivask (FDA 2003); both discontinued

65-residue recombinant version of the anticoagulant protein from medicinal leeches. Was approved to prevent deep-vein thrombosis after hip replacement surgery.

Also known as: DDAVP, 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin

Class: Synthetic vasopressin analogue (V2-selective) · 9 aa

Approved as DDAVP (FDA 1978); many products since

Vasopressin modified in Prague in 1967 to keep its kidney action while largely losing its effect on vessels. Approved for diabetes insipidus, bed-wetting and some bleeding disorders.

Also known as: Caspofungin, Micafungin, Anidulafungin, Rezafungin

Class: Cyclic lipohexapeptide antifungals · cyclic lipohexapeptides

From caspofungin (Cancidas, FDA 2001) to rezafungin (Rezzayo, FDA 2023)

Class of semi-synthetic cyclic peptides that block fungal β-(1,3)-glucan synthesis. Approved for invasive candidiasis and, for some members, aspergillosis.

Also known as: SS-31, MTP-131, Bendavia, Forzinity

Class: Mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide (cardiolipin binder) · 4 aa

Accelerated approval as Forzinity (FDA 2025) for Barth syndrome

Four-residue peptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Approved to improve muscle strength in Barth syndrome; studied in other mitochondrial diseases.

Also known as: Enlicitide, MK-0616

Class: Macrocyclic peptide PCSK9 inhibitor · macrocyclic peptide

Approved as Lipfendra (FDA 2026)

Macrocyclic peptide from MSD that stops PCSK9 binding to LDL receptors. Approved with diet and exercise to lower LDL cholesterol in adults with hypercholesterolaemia.

Also known as: Integrilin

Class: Cyclic heptapeptide GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor · 7 residues (cyclic)

Approved as Integrilin (FDA 1998); generics available

Cyclic peptide based on a motif from rattlesnake venom (barbourin) that blocks platelet aggregation. Approved for acute coronary syndrome and during coronary intervention.

Also known as: Examorelin, EP-23905

Class: Synthetic GH secretagogue hexapeptide · 6 aa

Research compound; not approved; prohibited in sport (WADA)

Hexapeptide related to GHRP-6 with a methylated tryptophan. Studied in humans for GH release and in rodents for cardiac effects, partly via the CD36 receptor.

Also known as: Victoza, Saxenda, NN2211

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist (acylated GLP-1 analogue) · 31 aa

Approved as Victoza (FDA 2010) and Saxenda (FDA 2014); generics exist

First GLP-1 analogue to use fatty-acid acylation (a C16 chain on lysine) for albumin binding. Approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management in adults and adolescents.

Also known as: BL-8040, Aphexda

Class: CXCR4 antagonist (cyclic peptide) · 14 aa

Approved as Aphexda (FDA 2023)

14-residue cyclic peptide that blocks CXCR4, releasing stem cells from bone marrow. Approved with filgrastim to mobilise stem cells for transplant in multiple myeloma.

Also known as: Recombinant BNP, Natrecor

Class: Recombinant B-type natriuretic peptide · 32 aa

Approved as Natrecor (FDA 2001); since discontinued

Recombinant copy of the 32-residue hormone released by stretched heart muscle. Was approved for acutely decompensated heart failure with breathlessness at rest.

Also known as: APL-2, Empaveli, Aspaveli, Syfovre

Class: PEGylated complement C3 inhibitor peptide · two 15-aa cyclic peptides + PEG

Approved as Empaveli (FDA 2021), Aspaveli (EMA 2021) and Syfovre (FDA 2023)

Two compstatin-derived cyclic peptides joined by a PEG chain, blocking complement C3. Approved for paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and geographic atrophy (US).

Also known as: AMG 531, Nplate

Class: Thrombopoietin-receptor agonist peptibody (peptide–Fc fusion) · peptide–Fc fusion (peptibody)

Approved as Nplate (FDA 2008; EMA 2009)

Antibody Fc fragment carrying four copies of a 14-residue peptide that activates the thrombopoietin receptor. Approved for immune thrombocytopenia and radiation-induced marrow injury.

Also known as: PTG-300

Class: Hepcidin mimetic peptide · hepcidin mimetic

Approved as Mimrylo (FDA 2026)

Synthetic mimic of hepcidin, the hormone that limits iron availability for red-cell production. Approved to treat erythrocytosis in adults with polycythaemia vera.

Also known as: FE 202158

Class: Selective vasopressin V1a receptor agonist · 9 aa

Phase 2b/3 in septic shock stopped early (Ferring); not approved

Vasopressin analogue designed to constrict vessels without the water-retaining V2 effect. Tested in the SEPSIS-ACT trial in septic shock, which was stopped for futility.

Also known as: Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus, NN9535

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist (acylated GLP-1 analogue) · 31 aa

Approved as Ozempic (FDA 2017), Rybelsus (2019) and Wegovy (2021)

GLP-1 analogue with a C18 fatty diacid chain that binds albumin. Approved for type 2 diabetes, chronic weight management and cardiovascular risk reduction in defined patients.

Also known as: Terlivaz, Glypressin

Class: Vasopressin analogue (prodrug of lysine vasopressin) · 12 aa

Approved as Terlivaz (FDA 2022); long used in Europe

Lysine vasopressin with three extra glycines that are cleaved off in the body. Approved to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome with rapid decline.

Also known as: Tβ4, RGN-259, RGN-137

Class: Actin-sequestering peptide (43 aa) · 43 aa

Phase 3 (RGN-259) in dry eye and neurotrophic keratitis; not approved

Abundant 43-residue protein that binds G-actin in most cells. Investigated in clinical trials of corneal wound healing, and earlier in heart and skin repair models.

Also known as: Vancocin

Class: Glycopeptide antibiotic · glycopeptide (7-residue core)

FDA-approved since 1958 (Vancocin); many generics

Glycopeptide from Amycolatopsis orientalis that binds cell-wall precursors of Gram-positive bacteria. Approved for serious infections including MRSA and C. difficile diarrhoea.

Also known as: Arginine vasopressin, Antidiuretic hormone, Vasostrict

Class: Posterior pituitary nonapeptide hormone · 9 aa

Approved as Vasostrict (FDA 2014) and other vasopressin products

Nine-residue hormone that controls water retention by the kidney and constricts blood vessels. Approved to raise blood pressure in adults with vasodilatory shock.

Also known as: Tractocile

Class: Oxytocin receptor antagonist (nonapeptide) · 9 aa

Approved as Tractocile (EMA 2000); not approved in the US

Modified oxytocin analogue that competes with oxytocin and vasopressin at uterine receptors. Approved in the EU to delay imminent preterm birth between 24 and 33 weeks.

Also known as: Cetrotide

Class: GnRH receptor antagonist (decapeptide) · 10 aa

Approved as Cetrotide (EMA 1999; FDA 2000)

Decapeptide with five non-natural residues that blocks GnRH receptors at once, without an initial surge. Approved to prevent premature ovulation during controlled ovarian stimulation.

Also known as: Firmagon

Class: GnRH receptor antagonist (decapeptide) · 10 aa

Approved as Firmagon (FDA 2008; EMA 2009)

Decapeptide GnRH antagonist that suppresses testosterone without the initial flare seen with agonists. Approved for advanced hormone-dependent prostate cancer.

Also known as: Orgalutran, Antagon

Class: GnRH receptor antagonist (decapeptide) · 10 aa

Approved by FDA (1999) and as Orgalutran (EMA 2000)

Synthetic GnRH antagonist with modified arginine residues. Approved to inhibit premature LH surges in women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation for assisted reproduction.

Also known as: GnRH, LHRH, Factrel

Class: Synthetic GnRH (decapeptide) · 10 aa

Approved as Factrel (FDA 1982) and Lutrepulse (1989); both discontinued

Identical to natural gonadotropin-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic decapeptide isolated in 1971. Was used to test pituitary function and induce ovulation; also a veterinary drug.

Also known as: Zoladex

Class: GnRH receptor agonist (decapeptide) · 10 aa

Approved as Zoladex (FDA 1989)

GnRH analogue with a D-serine and an aza-glycine that resist breakdown. Approved for prostate and breast cancer, endometriosis and endometrial thinning before surgery.

Also known as: Chorionic gonadotropin, Pregnyl, Novarel, Choriogonadotropin alfa

Class: Placental glycoprotein hormone · 237 aa (α + β glycoprotein)

FDA-approved since 1973 (e.g. Pregnyl, Novarel); Ovitrelle (EMA 2001)

Two-subunit glycoprotein made by the placenta that acts on the LH receptor. Approved for ovulation induction in infertility and some cases of hypogonadism and undescended testes.

Also known as: Vantas, Supprelin LA

Class: GnRH receptor agonist (nonapeptide) · 9 aa

Approved as Vantas (FDA 2004) and Supprelin LA (FDA 2007)

Potent GnRH analogue with a benzyl-histidine at position 6. Approved for central precocious puberty; an earlier product was used for advanced prostate cancer.

Also known as: Kisspeptin, Metastin(45–54), KP-10

Class: Hypothalamic neuropeptide (KISS1R agonist) · 10 aa

Academic Phase 2 studies (IVF, hypothalamic amenorrhoea); not approved

The ten C-terminal residues of kisspeptin, the upstream signal for GnRH release. Kisspeptins are used in human physiology studies of puberty and fertility, including IVF research.

Also known as: Leuprorelin, Lupron, Eligard

Class: GnRH receptor agonist (nonapeptide) · 9 aa

Approved as Lupron (FDA 1985); many later formulations

GnRH analogue that first stimulates, then suppresses, pituitary LH and FSH release. Approved for advanced prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids and central precocious puberty.

Also known as: MT-II, MT-2

Class: Cyclic α-MSH analogue (non-selective melanocortin agonist) · 7 aa (cyclic)

Never approved; regulators have issued safety warnings

Cyclic analogue made at the University of Arizona in the 1990s that acts on several melanocortin receptors. Case reports describe adverse events with unlicensed use.

Also known as: Synarel

Class: GnRH receptor agonist (decapeptide) · 10 aa

Approved as Synarel (FDA 1990)

GnRH analogue with a bulky naphthylalanine at position 6. Approved for endometriosis and central precocious puberty.

Also known as: Pitocin, Syntocinon

Class: Posterior pituitary nonapeptide hormone · 9 aa

Approved as Pitocin (FDA 1980) and generics

Nine-residue hormone with a disulfide ring, the first peptide hormone to be synthesised (1953). Approved to induce or strengthen labour contractions and to control postpartum bleeding.

Also known as: Bremelanotide, Vyleesi

Class: Melanocortin receptor agonist (cyclic heptapeptide) · 7 aa (cyclic)

Approved as Vyleesi (FDA 2019)

Cyclic peptide derived from Melanotan II that acts mainly at MC3 and MC4 receptors in the brain. Approved for acquired, generalised hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.

Also known as: Trelstar, Decapeptyl, Triptodur

Class: GnRH receptor agonist (decapeptide) · 10 aa

Approved as Trelstar (FDA 2000) and Triptodur (FDA 2017)

GnRH analogue with D-tryptophan at position 6, increasing receptor affinity and stability. Approved for advanced prostate cancer and central precocious puberty.